The CMT locations for the Tharp transform are rotated several degrees with respect to both the computed transform direction in Fig. R. The greater number of stations in the last 20 years permitted CMT solutions to be obtained for a large number of smaller earthquakes, some as small as Mw 5.15. A.R. 3292km (2046mi) WSW of Puerto Natales, Chile Blue symbols indicate four normal faulting mechanisms and their T-(extensional) axes. J. R.L. In that simple model, earthquakes should extend to greater depths and presumably be larger near the centres of transforms, which is clearly not the case for the Heezen and Tharp faults. COV = 0 and 1.0 correspond to strict periodicity and random occurrence, respectively. The 2004 Parkfield earthquake of Mw 6.0 had a rupture length of 20-25 km (Johanson et al. Spreading Centre. S1 in the Supporting Information). Since the length along strike, L, was not determined for individual earthquakes, for the calculations later we took a length of 105 km for the entire eastern end of the Heezen transform, which includes several segments that have ruptured in large shocks (Fig. M.D. If those short spreading centres are very young, they may not have had enough time to become oriented perpendicular to the transform. . Woodhouse . The mechanism in the GCMT catalogue indicates normal faulting, while the reanalysis resulted in a strike-slip mechanism. Others related faults include the Vacquier Transform Fault, the Menard Transform Fault, and the Udintsev Fault. Sedimentary rocks consist of particles derived from C.G. It and some other segments of the three Eltanin transforms appear to be well coupled seismically. However, a major offset developed on this transform between 60 and 80 Ma, prior to the oldest dated rocks from the ridge. [1], It was named after the French navy ship La Romanche, commanded by captain Louis-Ferdinand Martial which on 11 October 1883 made soundings that revealed the trench. The few involving normal faulting are located up to 40 km on either side of the transforms and involve extension nearly normal to the transforms. Note exaggerated scale in transform-perpendicular direction. PDF WI - Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5 and the bathymetric expression of it in Fig. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20009msm#executive, http://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/earthquake.php?id=504225, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us100049ce#general_summary, Follow Earth Extremities on WordPress.com, MAGNITUDE6.9KERMADEC ISLANDS, NEWZEALAND, MAGNITUDE5.6SOUTHERN MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE, MAGNITUDE5.6EAST OF SOUTH SANDWICHISLANDS, MAGNITUDE6.9KERMADEC ISLANDS, NEW ZEALAND. Formed around Antarctica, the AABW is cold, has low salinity, and high silicate concentration. Elevation map for localities Click for legend, zoom in for elevation lines Routing error m , | Map style: OpenTopoMap ( CC-BY-SA) No thrust earthquake mechanisms, however, were found along the Tharp zone. The seismic history of the Eltanin Fracture Zone on the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge for the years 1920-81 shows that the seismic slip accumulated during this recording interval accounts for only a small fraction (<10%) of the amount of slip predicted by kinematic models of plate motion. Menke Mw determined in this study compared with short-period body-wave magnitude mb as computed by either ISC or PDE. For the eight fault segments examined in Figs 7-10 some systematic behaviour can be seen among Mws of the largest earthquakes, their average repeat times, T, and the numbers of large events. Woodward D.K. slip fault zone between the Caribbean and North American As AABW flows through the Romanche Fracture Zone, salinity and temperature increase significantly. We show events characterized by a predominance of strike-slip faulting that we located since 1976 in red along with the few earthquakes in blue that involved a predominance of normal faulting. . west coast of the USA through California. This is a consequence of the continuity of displacement eigenfunctions for surface waves across discontinuities, and the dependence of the excitation on these displacements. This translates into a lack of sensitivity of the CMT algorithm in the estimation of the centroid depth, and instances in which the centroid depth differs appreciably from the true depth of the earthquake, here considered the centre of seismic moment. Which letter(s) is/are pointing to an inactive fracture zone? Cumulative seismic moment release for shocks of Mw > 5.55 from 1969 to 2010 along three additional segments of Heezen transform fault as indicated in Fig. Rolandone The smooth trend of the ridge is NNW-SSE with a trend break at about 37.8S. New Mw corresponds to seismic moment magnitude recomputed for this study. n=02+(1)nn2+7\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{2+(-1)^{n}}{n^{2}+7}n=0n2+72+(1)n, Which is an example of homeostasis? Strength of fracture zones from their bathymetric and gravitational Dziewonski His relocations along the Heezen transform, with one exception, are more tightly clustered than ours. 2 shows the areal distribution of strike-slip earthquakes Mw > 5.5 as a function of their recomputed magnitude, Mw, in red along the three transform faults of the Eltanin system. Explanation: Fracture zones are characterised as structural line View the full answer Transcribed image text: How are fracture zones like the Eltanin created? Please see the related question for more information. G. Our determinations of Mw typically use observations at more stations than those of Ms. Those for Mw also use Love and Rayleigh waves. At least one seamount chain, the New England Seamounts, lies in the northwestern Atlantic. The smaller events in Fig. Eltanin fracture zone_Eltanin fracture zone_ R.C. Johanson Lynn R. Sykes, Gran Ekstrm, Earthquakes along Eltanin transform system, SE Pacific Ocean: fault segments characterized by strong and poor seismic coupling and implications for long-term earthquake prediction, Geophysical Journal International, Volume 188, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 421434, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05284.x. The five largest shocks have a repeat time of about 8 yr and a COV of 0.43. The excitation of the long-period waveforms used in the CMT analysis does not vary rapidly as a function of source depth for shallow-focus earthquakes. Several of those well-coupled segments ruptured quasi-periodically in earthquakes of Mw~5.5-6 and with repeat times shorter than 10 yr. We choose the Eltanin transform faults as another good place to search for these phenomena. . For LNADW and AABW, the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones (just south of the equator) are the only deep passages in the MAR where interbasin exchange is possible. No known large earlier events can be readily attributed to the segment between 122 and 141 km in Fig. E.A. Wolfe et al. Yellow squares show stations for event of 2007 March 31 of Mw= 6.2; the red hexagons show stations for earthquake of 1983 July 5 of Mw= 6.2. The CMT methodology and format of the catalogue are described in Dziewonski (1981) and Ekstram (2005). How To Pronounce Eltanin Fracture Zone: Eltanin Fracture Zone pronunciation Earthquakes along Eltanin transform system, SE Pacific Ocean: fault His relocations are shown in Figs 4-6 in green. Most of the earthquakes are mislocated systematically to the south of the three transforms as discussed later. Most of the earlier earthquakes analysed here are larger than Mw= 5.5, since smaller earthquakes appear to have gone largely undetected until the 1990s. The two dotted lines in Fig. Since the number and azimuthal distribution of the global long-period stations used in computing the CMT solutions increased dramatically since 1976, especially in the 1990s, we choose to use digital data from as many stations as possible in our analyses rather than from merely the few that recorded most of the events. transform plate boundaries learning geology. In those circumstances the use of longer period Rayleigh and Love waves, as in the CMT methodology, can lead to those events being identified confidently as earthquakes. 2). The precision of epicentral locations in his study was improved considerably by using data from new seismic stations in Antarctica that were installed during the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, and computer programs for analysing P and PKP arrival times. We found that Mo evaluated at 10-km depth is 15 per cent smaller than that calculated at the best-fitting centroid depth (25.7 km). . The along strike dimensions and perhaps the downdip widths of asperities must be small for parts of the three Eltanin faults that have not ruptured in events larger than Mw 5.0-5.5. Louisville chain has been related to the Eltanin fracture zone in several models (Hayes and Ewing, 1971;Larson and Chase, 1972;Watts et al., 1988). "eltanin" in Chinese : "fracture zone" in Chinese : ; ; ; ; ; . The new results that include surface wave data are not very different from the earlier results. We interpret it as indicative that only some parts of the three Eltanin transforms are capable of generating shocks of Mw 6.1-6.4 and that events much larger than 6.4, especially events of Mw > 7, are unlikely to occur. M.D. Age- and sex-specific incidence of femoral neck and - PubMed These are very small, typically 3-15 km for the earliest events and 1-2 km for earthquakes since 2000. While off-transform normal-faulting events and short intra-transform spreading centres are reasonably attributed to changes in plate motion, we do not find evidence from earthquake mechanisms along the Eltanin transforms that those faults are leaky' today in the sense proposed by Menard & Atwater (1969). The fracture along blocks of crust (tectonic plates) is called a . The relationship between the two events that occurred on the same day with computed CMTs only 5 km apart is unknown. Reported values for the ratios KlRb RblSr La/Yb and Sr87 86ISr for fresh material, generally'"hint at a Fig. The transverse ridge separates the present trench from an 800km (500mi)-long aseismic valley where the Romanche transform was located until about 108 Ma. 3315km (2060mi) WSW of Punta Arenas, Chile We find one segment of the Heezen transform has ruptured quasi-periodically since 1976 in eight shocks of Mw 5.9-6.1 with an average repeat time of 4 yr. We recomputed centroid moment tensor (CMT) solutions for 190 earthquakes along and close to the three transforms of the Eltanin system from 1976 to 2010. Strike-slip mechanism in centre is that for 2007 event. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Eltanin Fracture Zone on pronouncekiwi A large iceberg interfered with one scientific mapping (Lonsdale 1994). Map view of CMT locations of earthquakes along Hollister transform fault from 1976 to 2010. Locations of earthquakes with CMT solutions (red) characterized by a predominance of strike-slip faulting along the Heezen, Tharp and Hollister transform faults of the Eltanin system from 1976 to 2010. Examine the figure above. (2010) that describes the relative motion of the Pacific and Antarctic plates. Seismic properties of the Eltanin Transform System, South Pacific A Seabeam reconnaissance of the 400 km-long fast-slipping (88 mm yr-1) Heezen transform fault zone and the 55 km-long spreading center that links it to Tharp transform defined and bathymetrically described several types of ridges built by tectonic uplift and volcanic construction. . Seismic properties of the Eltanin Transform System, South Pacific Wolfe et al. 1988). 6). T2=42r3/(GM), m3/(kgs2)m ^ { 3 } / \left( k g \cdot s ^ { 2 } \right) At faster separating parts of the Pacific-Antarctic boundary, and on most of the rest of the EPR, fracture zone structure is mainly inherited from the variable arrangement of volcanic ridges and tectonic uplifts at the risecrest intersections, rather than from structures formed at the transform valley. J. Which two plates create the Eltanin Fracture Zone? Sunrise, sunset, day length and solar time for Stockholm County. Oceanography Chapter 3 Exam | Test #2 Flashcards | Quizlet SEANOE. The morphology of the Atlantis Fracture Zone is typical of that of slow-slipping transforms. (1981), Arvidsson & Ekstrm (1998) and Ekstrm et al. . . If we assume that all of the true depths of these earthquakes are shallow, what size error or bias should we expect in estimates of Mo? The Udintsev Fracture Zone is a suitable site for a long-term monitoring of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current 1 Introduction The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) forms a continuous near-zonal band of eastward flow. The western part of the transverse ridge consists of fragments of uplifted oceanic crust and upper mantle. m3/(kgs2). The data since 1969 and those of Stewart & Okal (1983) for events back to 1920 indicate that earthquakes of Mw > 7 have not ruptured very long segments of any of the transforms. It is one the the major earthquake zones in Extending the work of Stewart & Okal (1983), they again emphasized the dominance of aseismic slip. . Intermediate-period surface waves have been used in the GCMT analysis since 2004, and often are very useful for constraining solutions for earthquakes smaller than Mw= 5.5. Dziewonski They also calculated Mw for three earthquakes in 1969, 1971 and 1973; they and Molnar et al. Available long-period data for events along the three transforms increased from about 15 to 100 global stations as illustrated in Fig. 4699 km SW of Santiago, Chile / pop: 4,837,295 / local time: 15:09:44.3 2016-08-18 The time intervals again are well fit by the slip predictable model (dotted red line). The remaining five segments were the sites of fewer large shocks of Mw 6.0-6.39. Eltanin Fracture Zone on the Elevation Map. Topographic Map of Eltanin 4, between 75 and 125 km). Lonsdale (1994) concludes that a zone of extension north of the Heezen transform developed following a Pliocene change in relative plate motion. This section appears to be separated from the western basin of the Atlantic by a sill of 4500 m (2400 fm) near 17W. The Eltanin Transform Fault and Fracture Zone is a series of six or seven dextral transform faults along ~800 km of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge that offset it ~1600 km. 5) are characterized by shocks of Mw= 5.9 but about half of its length is not. Shen In detailed swath mapping of three ultra fast-moving transforms just to the south of the equator, Searle (1983) found that each consisted of two or more short transforms bounded by very short spreading centres. Instead, we have chosen not to use models of the depth of seismic faulting in estimating coupling but to calculate downdip width from a segments length along strike, moment release rate and relative plate rate assuming' full seismic coupling. In relocating earthquakes along the East Pacific Rise and Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, Sykes (1963) found that the pattern of epicentres was offset about 1000 km near 55 S. Bohnenstiehl et al. Hence, we cannot distinguish between those two models. Fracture Zones : Mendocino Fracture Zone, Murray Fracture Zone, Molokai Fracture Zone, Clarion Fracture Zone, Clipperton Fracture Zone, Challenger Fracture Zone, Eltanin Fracture Zone, Udintsev Fracture Zone Other Pacific Ocean ocean maps Physiography of the Pacific Ocean Countries and islands of the Pacific Region Origin of the Louisville Ridge and its relationship to the Eltanin 7, many of the smaller events are either aftershocks or foreshocks and are considered to be noise for the purposes of assessing the repeat times of the largest earthquakes. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? The Eltanin Fault System (Eltanin Fracture Zone) is a series of six or seven dextral transform faults that offset the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, a spreading zone between the Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate. A.M. Unfortunately, the computed depths of earthquakes along the three Eltanin transforms are not accurate enough to ascertain centroid depths or the downdip width of seismic faulting at the several to 20 km level. Previously, some epicentral locations in that area were uncertain by as much as 500 km. Chain and romanche fracture zones - ScienceDirect Our knowledge of the Eltanin system is limited by the relatively high magnitude of completeness of events, Mw 5.4, and the paucity of aftershocks and forerunning events. A break in the smooth trend of the ridge at latitude 37.5S has been recognized in both bathymetric and altimetric data. Ekstram LOUISVILLE RIDGE AND ELTANIN FRACTURE ZONE 3053 west to isolated peaks superimposed on ridge segments in the southeast. We present a compilation of the seismic properties of the Eltanin Transform Fault (TF) system, compelled by the recent discovery of the Hollister Ridge and the possibility of a change of plate kinematics pattern in the region. Smith Deep water flow through the trench is from west to east with a rate of 3.6 Sverdrups (million m/s) of 1.57C (34.83F) water. They concluded from analyses of seismograms, however, that the transform earthquakes themselves did not have a significant component of slow seismic slip. What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? Some other fault segments with larger events rupture with less certain repeat times of 7-24 yr. Other segments are poorly coupled for shocks of Mw > 5.4 and perhaps smaller. [2] However, the total offset is about 1600km. We refer to the magnitudes derived from those moment tensors as either new or recomputed Mws. The feature was then named the Eltanin fracture zone. Farther west activity decreases to a maximum of Mw 5.9-6.1 between +30 and +100 km along the fault and then again to a maximum of Mw 5.6-5.8 between +10 and 30 km. The three sets of large events have a repeat time of 13 yr and a COV of 0.13. Excluding it does not change the average repeat time for events of Mw > 5.9; it increases the SD and COV slightly. Most prominent is an asymmetric transverse ridge, at which abyssal hills adjacent to the fault zone have been . Eltanin Fracture Zone. . R.A. A fault is a fracture in the rocks where movement occurs. Wolfe et al. stand on one side of it, the other side appears to move to the For the period 19761989, we selected for analysis all events in the ISC (International Seismological Centre), PDE (Preliminary Determination of Epicentres of the US Geological Survey) and GCMT catalogues, regardless of magnitude. The Polar and Subantarctic Fronts are observed to pass along the Udinstev Fracture Zone 3 as the jets in the flow are steered by the topography (e.g., Moore et al. CHALLENGER FRACTURE ZONE. In contrast, normal-faulting events of Mw 5-6.5 are common along slower spreading ridges such as those in the Atlantic. Equidistant polar diagram out to distance of 135 centred on our study area, the Eltanin transform system, illustrating distribution of stations that contributed data to CMT solutions. In detail the distribution of fault segments is likely to be fractal. McGuire We find that seismic coupling is not merely a function of relative plate velocity, location along the transform and transform length. This tectonics article is a stub. Sykes & Menke (2006) calculated maximum-likelihood estimates of COV that were 0.3 or smaller for a number of large-to-great earthquakes that ruptured nearly the same segments of strike-slip and subduction zone faults. Atwater "fault" or "fault line". We did not use the ISC catalogue for events after 1999. 6) indicates that it may be a single fault. [2] However, the total offset is about 1600km. . plates. Okal . Distances in kilometres same as in Fig. 'dextrally' (also known as right-laterally) which means if you 8, interaction between the two may well occur. The maximum size of earthquakes along fast spreading ridges themselves is not greater than magnitude 3 (McGuire 2008; M. Tolstoy, personal communication, 2010). Search for: Recent Posts. The boat was returning to France after spending a few months on a scientific mission near Cape Horn as part of the first International Polar Year. This is in accord with the findings of Stewart & Okal (1983) that the Eltanin system has not broken in great events since 1920 and is unlikely to do so. This completeness can be seen as well by the slope of 1.0 of the LogNMw relationship in Fig. 3457km (2148mi) S of Adamstown, Pitcairn. The series includes two events of 6.17 and 6.18 and one of less certain Mw of 6.5 (Stewart & Okal 1983) on 1971 April 4 that are much larger than the other three. The random variations can be considered a consequence of the complicated trade-offs that occur when noisy data are fit with synthetic seismograms that do not capture the full complexity of wave propagation in the Earth. Seismicity and aseismic slip along the Eltanin Fracture Zone The zone is in the South Pacific, southwest of Easter Island, between 56 S, 145 W and 54.5 S, 118.5 W. The Dead Sea fault zone is located on a Transform boundary. 10) was the site of events of Mw 6.39, 6.03 and 6.36 in 1984.4, 1997.4 and 2005.98, respectively. Sykes 3 and studied separately. R.P. The Eltanin Fault System ( Eltanin Fracture Zone) is a series of six or seven dextral transform faults that offset the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, a spreading zone between the Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate. www.science.gov Turkey. A new analysis of plate cooling models indicates that the properties of oceanic lithosphere may need to be reevaluated, or that additional phenomena beyond the conditions of simple mineral physics plate models are important. The seismic history of the Eltanin Fracture Zone on the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge for the years 1920-1981 shows that the seismic slip accumulated during this recording interval accounts for only a small fraction (less than 10%) of the amount of slip predicted by kinematic models of plate motion. J.T. 3391km (2107mi) WSW of Ushuaia, Argentina . Meteoritic Microfossils in Eltanin Impact Deposits. Jordan Pacific Ocean Topography 70%. . For the larger and more complex 2001 earthquake the rupture initiation depth is 8.9 km, and the centroid depth, taking into account the propagation of the point source in the direction of the directivity vector, is approximately 11 km, about 7 km below the ocean floor. DeMets Stewart & Okal (1983) concluded that earthquakes along the Eltanin zone from 1920 to 1981 accounted for less than 10 per cent of the slip predicted by kinematic models of plate motion and cooling. [3], The Romanche Fracture Zone offsets the Mid-Atlantic ridge by 900km (560mi), making it the largest equatorial fracture zone in the Atlantic. The 40Ar39Ar dating of rocks dredged . The centroid epicentre and time did not shift appreciably in these different inversions, nor did the geometry of the moment tensor change appreciably. Solutions for new earthquakes of Mw > 5.5 were not found after early 2002. The Romanche Trench, also called the Romanche Furrow or Romanche Gap, is the third deepest of the major trenches of the Atlantic Ocean, after the Puerto Rico Trench and the South Sandwich Trench. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. With that assumption we obtain downdip widths of about 5 km for four segments of the Heezen, Tharp and Hollister transforms. He attributed this to changes in the Euler pole for Pacific-Nasca plate motion during the last several million years. . (2005). No thrust-faulting solutions were found. Boettcher Mw is systematically higher than mb for strike-slip events along the three transforms, on average about 0.5 units. Thermal models with constant and variable mineral physics properties are formally analyzed for fits against recently filtered databases for heat flow and topography. Distances in kilometres same as in Fig. Similarly, earthquake recurrence is more difficult to examine for other long oceanic transform faults, such as those in the equatorial Atlantic, that have considerably smaller long-term slip rates. C. The average of the three intervals since 1967 is 12.8 yr with a COV of 0.36. Sedimentary rocks consist of particles derived from the weathering of other from EARTH SCIE 213 at IIT Kanpur Some parts of the Heezen and Tharp transforms exhibit strong seismic coupling but others were aseismic at the resolution of our study, Mw > 5.0-5.5. The Eltanin Fault System (Eltanin Fracture Zone) is a series of six or seven dextral transform faults that offset the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, a spreading zone between the Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate. Structural geomorphology of the eltanin fault system and adjacent Fig. 2. Wolfe et al. 1997, 2005). Three normal-faulting events were found with T-axes nearly perpendicular to the Heezen transform (Fig. The Eltanin Transform Fault and Fracture Zone is a series of six or seven dextral transform faults along ~800 km of the. The surface wave catalogue (Ekstram 2006) starts in 1990, and the magnitude that is associated with events in that catalogue is usually very close to the Mw obtained in a CMT analysis. W.B.F. S. Carbotte (written communication, 2011 July 22) notes, however, that some of the shocks along the eastern end of the Tharp transform might fall within a zone of deformed/rotated seafloor south of the transform that looks quite similar to the zone of deformation north of the Heezen transform described by Lonsdale (1994) and seen in Fig. . 8) contains six events of Mw= 5.89 since 1971. Dziak A transform fault may occur in the portion Nettles VanDeMark (2006) analysed the relative locations of earthquakes of moderate magnitude along oceanic transform faults with a double-difference method using Rayleigh waves of periods between 30 and 80 s. He used 92 events along the Eltanin transform faults from 1980 to early 2006, about half of the number we analysed. Ryan Mw determined in this study compared with the surface wave magnitude Ms as computed by either ISC or PDE for periods between about 17 and 22 s. Mw is determined at longer periods. This is not surprising since all stations are at large teleseismic distances. Seafloor magnetic anomalies suggest formation. Behn J.J. This attests to the very thin lithosphere at fast spreading ridges. 3). E.A. Test the following series for convergence or divergence. Show that the equation is dimensionally correct. . Log of cumulative number of earthquakes per 20 yr larger than a given Mw as a function of Mw. 3) along the eastern part of the Heezen transform between +100 and +200 km (Fig. Incidences of 20,538 trochanteric and femoral neck fractures in adult Swedish men and women, from a computerized medical information register for all hosp We have combined shipboard and Seasat altimeter derived data in an intergrated geological and geophysical study of the Louisville Ridge; a 3500kmlong seamount chain extending from the Tonga trench to the Eltanin Fracture Zone. 2006-01-01. P. GE was partially supported by NSF grant EAR-09-24694. McGuire (2008) examined 16 pairs of Mw= 5.5 earthquakes that occurred along approximately the same segments of transform faults on the East Pacific Rise to the south and north of the equator. Major differences in seismic coupling along strike are not in accord with common thermal models of plate cooling but instead are attributed to varying degrees of metamorphism, rock type and effective normal stress and possibly to the presence of short intratransform spreading centres. The existence of three or four plates in the region during those times permitted offset to grow across the Eltanin system (Watts et al. Seabeam and SeaMARC II swath-mapping surveys, with ancillary magnetic and gravity profiling, describe the fast-slipping (84-86 mm year1) 380 km-long Heezen transform (56 S) and the 145 km-long Raitt transform (54 S), together with the youngest parts of their rise-flank fracture zones. The trench has been formed by the actions of the Romanche Fracture Zone, a portion of which is an active transform boundary offsetting sections of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We postpone a discussion of reasons why various segments were the sites of shocks of differing Mw until the Discussion (Section 5). Origin of the Louisville Ridge and Its Relationship to the Eltanin

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