- large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. They began to revolt against the Spanish. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. 2) This war was not a success. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Write a paragraph or two. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Register for free, Home / 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. From there we will look at the career . . Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. 14-16 / In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. . In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Overview of Elizabeth I / The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. and reversing the religious settlement. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Become a Member | How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. J. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. to answer the Section Focus Question: The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. - death of henry II. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. 1. Boston House, 1558 -french threat. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Manage Settings The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. LS23 6AD This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. - send 2000 to rebels. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. LS23 6AD With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Europe. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Company Reg no: 04489574. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! LS23 6AD Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict.

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