Grapefruit seed extract is TOXIC TO CATS!! (3). After some additionalprocessing, the mixture turns into ayellow, thick liquid that has a strong, bitter taste. Grapefruit seed extract is a liquid that comes from the seeds, pulp and white membranes of the grapefruit. Don't forget about l-lysine (500 mg tablet, 1x/day, crushed in food) and echinacea-non alcohol (2-3 drops in food, 1x/day) along with vitamin supplements. Grape seed extract is generally considered safe. In general, grapefruit seed extract is considered safe for most people to use, both on a short- and long-term basis. While brands might differ when it comes to quality, scientific research showsthat pure grapefruit seed extract can kill all kinds of infectious microbesand even helps combat common health issues like candida and athletes foot. AND, when I googled citribiotic GSE, all that comes up is a brand name of Citribiotic, not a type. This information serves as a general guideline, cannot be applied to all pets or considered as an alternative to professional advice. Dont confuse GSE with the other GSE grapeseed extract another supplement entirely. Extract grapefruit seeds for internal use: cats 1 drops in 15 drops of water / dogs: 5 drops in 60 drops of water and add always to pet-food. All rights reserved. are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies. The amount depends on the strength of theGSEand the reason youre taking it. Here's just one thread on it: You're right, the Nutribiotic site doesn't list the Maximum Concentrate Liquid under the main list of products -- but buried in the left side menu, under "liquids," it showed up. DAY 2 rattlesnake bite after treatment with Nutribiotic GSE mixed with juice from a can of tuna. You really must be careful not to overdue the amount given and if your cat doesnt tolerate it, or seems to be worse, stop immediately! Since he is older it may not be feasible. Scott has no conflicts of interest to disclose. What concerns me the most is the the furnace. 1. When a new feral arrives that has runny eyes and nose, I put them on this immediately even before going to the vet. Surrey, BC. As a service to our readers, University Health News offers a vast archive of free digital content. In hundreds of laboratory tests, GSE has demonstrated its ability to kill or inhibit the growth of a wide range of potentially harmful bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoan parasites. Histoplasmosis is most commonly transmitted when spores become airborne (often during cleanup or demolition projects) or from dirt contaminated with the droppings. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and children should avoid it due to a lack of proper safety data. Grape fruit is known as the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados; however, it does have health benefits. Now this was after countless vet visits, bouts with amoxydrops, and clavamox and even baytril. Grapefruit and certain other citrus fruits, such as Seville oranges, can interfere with several kinds of prescription medications. Grapefruit seed extract is considered safe, but safety data is incomplete in pregnant women and children. Rubyangel, talk to your landlord about the dirty ductwork. Thanks Irene for sharing your experience. See adoctor right away if you have anysigns of a serious allergic reaction after taking GSE. (2)GSEs antifungal properties help it combat candida infestations by killing the yeast cells that have taken over in thebody. Please note the date published or last update on all articles. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. This setting should only be used on your home or work computer. Cookies are normally used to enable the correct functioning of the site ( technical cookies ), to generate reports on the use of navigation (statistical cookies). Its recommended forits antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. He continued to have stuffy nose and nasal troubles. But why not just use a customer service contact to ask them the question as to why it's marked for external use only? Please learn from my mistake and dont give cats grapefruit seed extract! Maximum Strength Grapefruit Seed Extract Capsules Deliver 250mg of GSE Per CapsuleEqual to 25 Drops of NutriBiotic GSE Liquid Concentrate If you're looking for a high concentration of a tried and true grapefruit seed extract, look no further than NutriBiotic original Grapefruit Seed Extract Capsules! If you suspect your pet may have ingested a . Other uses for diluted grapefruit seed extract include as a mouthwash, throat gargle, acne skin cleanser and disinfectant. Grapefruit seed extract, also known as GSE orcitrus seed extract,is derived from the seeds, pulp and white membranes of a grapefruit. Elicats.com - All rights reserved 2012 - 2022 - The reproduction, even partial, of all contents present on the site is forbidden without explicit authorization. She has been licensed as a primaryRead More. Grapefruit seed extract, especially when used internally, can be somewhat of a controversial supplement due to a lack of human studies as well as evidence of adulteration of grapefruit seed extract. in an actual human or animal). You can also include the seeds and membranes when youmake fresh grapefruit juice. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. I am writing this article to flag up this product so that people can assess it themselves. Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection sometimes mistaken for tuberculosis thats caused by Histoplasma capsulatumorH. capsulatum, afungus often found in bird and bat droppings. im not even kidding. The articles are copyright Michael Broad but the infographics are free to use under a CC license. Scott Gavura, BScPhm, MBA, RPh is committed to improving the way medications are used, and examining the profession of pharmacy through the lens of science-based medicine. So I started using this, in their canned food and also dropping it into the water fountain, about 6 drops every time I scrubbed the bowl out. But I do know its very hard to control the URI. Nutribiotic GSE can also be mixed with other off-the-shelf topical preparations such as shampoos. Grapefruit extract can deplete normal flora (healthy good bacteria) in the gut when taken long-term. MUST HAVE A FORMULATION WITH A CONCENRATION OF 50% OR MORE OF GLYCERINE, WARNING: DO NOT USE PURE AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES, MUST BE STORED IN A REFRIGERATOR AND PROTECTED FROM LIGHT. At Save A Dog we started using vitamin C and grapefruit seed extract and noticed a remarkable improvement in our rescued dog's ability to fight off upper respiratory infections. GSE is used incosmetic products for itsnatural antimicrobial abilities. Also, please, remember that grapefruit seed extract interferes with several medications, therefore if you give your cat grapefruits, please inform your vet . Specifically, grapefruit seed extract has been shown to kill more than 60 different types of yeast and bacteria. If used in full strength on skin it may cause irritation. It has too much sugar in it to be a safe or healthy treat for dogs. I will post your comment on the page to highlight it. Can Dogs Have Grapefruit Seed Extract . Former agonist athlete with several appreciable results, wellness consultant and personal trainer, I support correct information trying to understand why things with theory and practice, Enjoy your stay! And how much processing of a natural substance can occur before its no longer natural? There have been several other studies conducted. If you want to read more click here. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. This formula is used by health professionals, is gluten-free and GMO-free formula VEGAN WITH A pH OF CIRCAN 2.75. The investigators also tested their own seed extract, as well as pulp. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Paint it on affected nails twice a day for at least two months. Studies have shown that many grapefruit seed extract products are contaminated with preservatives. The fact that it continues to be widely sold is testament to the ineffectiveness of regulations that should put consumer safety ahead of a manufacturers right to sell a dodgy product. Grapefruit seed extract is generally considered nontoxic and is not absorbed into the tissues, which means that is can be used safely for up to several months.The food can also be beneficial in ridding the body of parasites, and is an affordable way to start restoring your health. It seems unlikely that benzethonium chloride is formed during any extraction and/or processing of grapefruit seeds and pulp. Thestudy looked at severalpatients who were treated with grapefruit seeds (Citrus paradisi) orally for two weeks. Yikes. Before using grapefruit seed extract, talk to your doctor if you: Neverput the extract into your eyes, and dont use at full strength in your mouth, ears, nose or sensitive areas. ATTENTION TO THE SUPPLEMENT YOU ARE BUYING, ALWAYS READ THE INGREDIENTS . To avoid the bitter taste, adults may also take one to two 250 mg capsules one to two times daily with or without meals. It kept the worms at bay. The treatment methods presented are alternative therapy remedies and are therefore not scientifically recognized. Verstopfung Bei Katzen Naturheilmittel Weichmacher Homopathie, Dog cataracts treatment without surgery My Natural kit, Katze mit CNI Medikamente und Ergnzungen, Pancreatitis In Dogs Can Be Treated With Symptoms And Supportive Remedies, Verstopfung beim Hund Naturheilmittel Symptome und Ursachen, Extract grapefruit seeds ESP for cat and dog For indoor use in case of Bacteria, GSE does not have the same side effects as antibiotics does not destroy intestinal bacterial flora, GSE must always be added to food or water, never give pure. In vitro assays with human skin fibroblast cells were also performed at the same dilutions to determine toxicity. A study found that there was no effect on feline calicivirus and feline parvovirus by GSE. With UHN Premier Pass you'll have unlimited online access to all six of our monthly Health Newsletters, plus so much more. However, test results indicated that at the 1:512 dilution, GSE remained bactericidal, but completely nontoxic. From 1992 to 2005, about 43 dogs in the US suffered from decreased kidney function after eating grapes or raisins. Unfortunately, the results were fatal for half of the dogs. Your email address will not be published. At the same time it has to do so without causing you or your body more harm than good. Some can cause potentially dangerous health problems. It's also a natural antioxidant. and hemolytic E. coli. Farmers in Europe use a powdered form of GSE in fish and poultry feed to prevent infections caused by. Recent testimonials report grapefruit-seed extract, or GSE (Citricidal) to be effective against more than 800 bacterial and viral strains, 100 strains of fungus, and a large number of single and multicelled parasites. Interesting. The author says that there is no scientific evidence that grapefruit seed extract has health benefits for cats. I am playing devils advocate. www.drweil.com. Within one week, I started seeing differences in the kittens first, then with the cats (hissy on the cat site). 2002 Jun;8(3):333-40. Grapefruit seed extract is available in supplement form as a liquid concentrate, capsule or tablet. :lol3: But for your kitty overgrooming, I would definitely consider searching to see if you can find a D.V.M. Toxicity: Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses. People say that when it is diluted with water it is an excellent health remedy as it kills a whole host of microorganisms and/or it inhibits their growth. Dogs should not eat dried grapefruit. Subjects received either two drops of a 0.5 percent liquid concentrate of grapefruit seed extract twice a day or 150 milligrams of encapsulated grapefruit seed extract (ParaMicrocidin) three times a day. When I read your latest info, I immediately thought about pseudomonas, which is kind of like pneumonia in people (as far as I can tell), and sometimes takes a very long time to get rid of. Repeated testing over the past 20 years has demonstrated that any GSE efficacy is due to product adulteration with one or more synthetic chemical disinfectants. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) time and dose-dependence of GSE against FCV-F9, MNV-1, and HAV at room tempe Adults can mix 10 drops of the liquid concentrate into a glass of water or juice (5 oz. [2] J Altern Complement Med. Ive decided that it would be unwise to discuss the dilution levels. As a natural treatment for athletes foot, you can try applying full-strength grapefruit seed extract to the problemareas two to three times per day. Note that the extract is extremely bitter. Herpes was suggested as the virus. Diatomaceous earth dogs cats Treating worms fleas and ticks! This is acitrus tree of the Rutaceae family that produces edible fruit. Tags: bacterial infectioncat healthcat health careCat Parasiteshome treatments for catsviral infection. All information is provided for discussion purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for consultation with a licensed and accredited health professional. CAUTION. All the information reported here is derived from Bibliographic Sources, Personal Experience and Public Domain Clinical Studies. TheCatSite.com is a community of cat lovers dedicated to quality cat care and cat welfare. Nowhere is this challenge better illustrated than a supplement that Ive seen for sale for some time. Dr. Weil's FREE health living advice delivered to you! GSE (Grapefruit Seed Extract) or also called Pomplemus Seed Extract (ESP). In fact, most types of dried fruit are a bad snack or treat idea for dogs. I was wrong! Tequila fails spectacularly on all counts. After reading the comments, sounds like using GSE on cats should be just a one time deal for maybe worms, I know many of the deworming meds doctors give to cats are a one time thing than you wait 20 days and do it again. Can dogs have grape skin extract? Disclaimer: The contents are for informational purposes only and under no circumstances may they constitute a prescription for treatment or replace the specialist examination or the direct relationship with ones veterinarian/medical practitioner. The maincontroversy stems from study findingsthat some commercially produced grapefruit seed extracts contain harmful ingredients like benzethonium chloride and triclosan. It was a very emotional moment. Im guessing you spit them out or remove them from the start. But there's a dangerous problem with GSE that supplement manufacturers haven't fixed. Gram-negative and gram-positive isolates were introduced into graduated dilutions of GSE (twofold concentrations ranging from 1:1, through 1:512) for determination of bacterial activity. The vet increased her meds and gave me something to go in a humidifier which can only be a cool mist or it crosses out the med. Instead of using unnatural and synthetic preservatives, many natural companies turn to grapefruit seed extract for its ability to preserve a product by killing unwanted bacteria. 6 reasons for the 90% drop in pound killings of US dogs and cats since the 1970s, Substantial drop in shelter animal euthanasia in the USA, Governor wants California to be a no-kill animal shelter state. Im sorry that you werent able to save Charlie. Equally important, the study shows that grapefruit seed extract kills bacterial strains within 15 minutes after initial contact, even if the solution has been diluted. DAY 1 rattlesnake bite, flesh rotting fast and smell was horrid. The main biological compounds in a grapefruit seed that are believed to be responsible for its ability to destroyinfectious invaders are the polyphenols known as limonoids and naringenin. The common denominator is the owner who has consistently overfed his/her cats who look like siblings. Kennel cough and upper respiratory infections are common ailment for dogs who are in or just coming out of the shelter environment. That dust isn't good for you or your animals. Despite the fact that the number of domestic cats and dogs in America has doubled since the 1970s, the number Best Friends Animal Society reported a 44.5% drop between 2019 and 2020 of euthanized shelter cats and dogs from 625,000 Somebody asked the question whether animal shelters can refuse animals. As a guide: three to 15 drops of GSE added to pet food or water. 2000-2023 TheCatSite.com. So arethe seeds of a grapefruit actually good for you? ;), On this website we use proprietary or third party tools that store small files ( cookies ) on your device. Grapefruit Seed Extract (GSE) . Not natural, not safe: Grapefruit Seed Extract Grapefruit-seed extract is claimed to be a cure-all for nearly every type of infection. The typical recommended dosage for the liquid extractis 10 to 12 drops in a glass ofwater (at least five ounces), one to three times daily. Since GSE likely helps make the immune system stronger, it can help provide symptom release for fungal infections like histoplasmosis. Thanks for posting Terri. Extract grapefruit seeds ESP for cats and dogs What to know Please comment here using either Facebook or WordPress (when available). Exclusive Lifestyle, Nutrition & Health Advice. I put her in a x-large cardboard box with her bed and the humidifer and closed the lid and kept her in there for an hour. The benefits of grapefruit juice are increased when its produced fresh including the seeds and membranes. the spray is soothing; with broken skin, some say it is a bit stingy. [3] Grapefruit Seed Extract: Benefits, Myths and Dangers. It may be because he is a nervous cat or there is something going on which causes him to be anxious. I apologize for not including the links in my original post -- I was trying to save people the trouble of all the back-and-forth comparison (oops). Higher amounts of benzethonium chloride were present in powder GSE samples than in liquid GSE samples, although though we did not determine the exact concentration. Im about to apply some diluted GSE as shes not feeling well. Although a small human study, the data points toward the antibacterial ability of dried or fresh grapefruit seeds being comparable toproven antibacterial drugs, making it an effective home remedy for UTIs. Grapefruit seed extract is perhaps best known for its ability to treat digestive disturbances and kill pathogens, especially fungal pathogens like Candida albicans, in the gastrointestinal tract. kills all bacteria, fungus, and viruses.cures not treats , it cures. A noteworthycase study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2005 found that grapefruit seeds were highly effective in killing antibiotic-resistanturinary tract infections. However, allergic reactions do occur rarely and grapefruit seed extract can cause stomach irritation in sensitive dogs. :dk: Thanks LDG and mrsgreenjeans for your replies -- sorry I'm only now back to read them. Don't take either longer than 2-3 weeks. And in fact, the researchers tested the extract against different intestinal pathogens and found it was most effective against Candida species, a type of fungal infection, and some types of parasites. A few drops can be added previously diluted in water in a cotton ball to clean the outside of the earcup, in case of fungal infections apply on the area concerned with a gauze, the extract grapefruit seeds ESP for cat and dog should always be used diluted. After battling endless URI with the group I had, I finally went to my friendly health food guru and he suggested I use this stuff. Three extracts also contained triclosan and methylparaben. There is no such thing as a fat cat any more. For the most part, GSE is safe to use and there is no documentation of overdosing. If you have candida, its best to begin GSE therapy in partnership with acleansing anti-candida diet. University Health News content is medically reviewed or checked to ensure that it is as accurate as possible. Grapefruit was first documented in 1750 by Reverend Griffith Hughes describing specimens from Barbados. While it may seem intimidating at first, counting macros is a common Erythritol is now one of the most popular natural zero-calorie sweeteners available. Apparently dogs are more tolerant of GSE. Required fields are marked *, Click this to send email to Michael Broad, the site's owner and author. You can probably disinfect your hands with it, just like you would with an alcohol gel. What if I told you that those grapefruit seeds, particularly in grapefruit seed extract (GSE) form, actually might hold a wealth of health benefits. Site Help | I used L-lysine for Charlie who was not responding to treatment but he died before I could evaluate its effectiveness. I use two drops per day per cat in canned food with great results. For example, it is said to be a remedy for upper respiratory infections, skin diseases, bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasites and viral infections generally. To be effective after its consumed, an ingredient must be absorbed into the body, distributed via the bloodstream to the appropriate location at a minimum concentration, and be present long enough at that location to have an antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal effect. I am a tried and true L-lysine caretaker. If you plan to take GSE for 3 days or more, its important to consume a probiotic supplement two hours before taking your GSE dose. The fact that the antimicrobial components found in GFSE changed from 1991 to 2008 not only argues against such in situ synthesis (i.e., occurring naturally or synthesized in the processing of grapefruit seed material itself), but is suggestive of efforts by manufacturers of these commercial materials to stay one step ahead of analytical methods to detect adulteration. All information on special diets and dietary supplements for pets is for information purposes only. (7). TheCatSite.com participates in select affiliate advertising programs, including the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. It is also consumed orally based on claims that it can treat infections of the gastrointestinal tract (or elsewhere in the body). Its readily available at your local health store or online. Grapefruit juice and possibly other grapefruit products, including grapefruit seed extract, are known to interact with certain drugs and may lead to serious adverse reactions. Okay!? Jan 28, 2004 #6 N newtocats and Grapefruit seed extract for cats. Can Dogs Eat Dried Grapefruit. Information on this website is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for the advice provided by your physician or other healthcare professional. Any third party offering or advertising on this website does not constitute an endorsement by Andrew Weil, M.D. Athletes foot is a skin disease that usually occurs between the toes and is caused by a fungus. Scott holds a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy degree, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Toronto, and has completed a Accredited Canadian Hospital Pharmacy Residency Program. I hate to think how many cats have come from the vets worse than they went in. In other words, the synthetic preservative is the anti-microbial agent rather than natural grapefruit seed extract (GSE). Your dog has dry, cracked legs and suffers from yeast or fungal infection, you can use grapefruit seed extract! UHN Premier Pass is your online passport to the full resources of University Health News! Liver numbers not normal. Thank you sincerely for the awesome tip. Without a doubt, if youre going to use a grapefruit seed extract product, you should always read ingredients lists carefully and make sure that you buy from a reputable company. But given the evidence of apparent widespread adulteration of grapefruit seed extract, I agree that it shouldnt be taken internally. I was especially careful to rinse with clean water, so that the cats wouldn't pick up any chemicals on their paws. It has a reputation as an antifungal and antibacterial agent, but when I discussed your question with Tieraona Low Dog, M.D.,an internationally recognized expert in the fields of integrative medicine, dietary supplements and womens health, and an authority on botanical medicine, she said that it is unclear how potent GSE is as an antibacterial or antifungal. I also added food grade DE mixed to their food. Overall though, GSE is effective (I also used to clear up coccidia that the prescript meds from the vet couldnt do!!!!). By enabling these cookies, you are helping us to provide you with a better experience.Privacy and Cookie Policy, V-INTEGRA - Renal, Mangime Minerale per la Dieta Casalinga di Cani e Gatti Che Richiedono Una Restrizione di Fosforo, Applaws Cat Food Tin 156g Chicken with Pumpkin, Pack of 24, Walnut (Juglans regia) Hulls of The Fruit or Pericarp (Walnut Husk) and Leaves Alcohol-Free Mother Tincture Naturalma, ReConvales Antiphos 3 x 90 ml-Ergnzungsfuttermittel zur Untersttzung der Nierenfunktion bei chronischer. You can also use it as an alternative to tea tree oil to treat nail fungus. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Steven P. Novella, MD Founder and Executive Editor, David H. Gorski, MD, PhD Managing Editor, Chronic candida is not a real condition, but is a fake disease, clinical trials with grapefruit seed extract reveals no results, testing of a commercially-available GSE product found benzalkonium chloride and triclosan, the active ingredient was actually benzethonium chloride, Ezekiel Stephan: Another Pediatric Death by World View. GSE is rich in vitamins C and E and is a powerful antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal with antioxidant properties. If you intend to take it for three or more consecutive days, make sure to also consume a probiotic supplement a few hoursbefore taking your dose of GSE. The contents are for information purposes only and in no case may they constitute a prescription for a treatment or replace the specialist examination or direct relationship with your doctor/veterinary - The products and statements on specific products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Grapeseed Extract is a great bacteria killer for raw meats! Always give GSE with food to avoid stomach upset and watch your dog carefully for signs of a reaction. Grape seed extract is a strong antioxidant that helps to support the immune system. If you give your cats raw meat and your worried about the bacteria, just soak it in Grapeseed Extract! After a month, all of the subjects taking capsules experienced significant improvements in constipation, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort, as well as night rest, while 20% of the subjects taking the liquid experienced significant improvements in their IBS symptoms. But he IS still alive . This blog is for information purposes only. Antibiotic shot by vet when bacteria was green. One cat owner said that she had struggled to cure her cats respiratory infections and her veterinarian had failed to assist so she relied upon grapefruit seed extract and had success she claims: I use two drops per day per cat in canned food with great results.Now this was after countless vet visits, bouts with amoxydrops, and clavamox and even baytril. I am sorry to hear that your cat has been unwell. Also, in a report published in 2012, investigators from the Austin, Texas-based American Botanical Council found that many grapefruit seed extract products on the market today contain synthetic chemicals that arent listed on their labels. There is no evidence suggesting that actual grapefruit seed extract has any meaningful antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral effects. are clickable links to these studies. Preliminary animal study suggests that grapefruit seed extract can reduce the blood sugar and cholesterol levels in the body. We rescued an older feral cat that is FIV+ and was creating bald spots and mowing his abdomen clean. After a month, all of the subjects taking capsules experienced significant improvements in constipation, flatulence and abdominal discomfort, as well as night rest, while 20 percent of the subjects taking the liquid experienced significant improvements in their negative digestive symptoms. The extract was mostly effective againstCandida, Geotrichum sp. These URIs are nasty! Simply paint the extract on theinfectednails twice a day until you see improvement. Purraise. Tests conducted in multiple laboratories over almost 20 years indicated that all commercial GFSE preparations that exhibited antimicrobial activity contained one or more synthetic microbicides/disinfectants, while freshly-prepared extracts of grapefruit seeds made with a variety of extraction solvents neither exhibited antimicrobial activity nor contained the antimicrobial synthetic compounds found in the commercial ingredient materials. GSE products that are not adulterated have no efficacy, because GSE has no intrinsic efficacy at all. But, Ive never seen any edible cat product containing lemon or orange either. Grapefruit seed extract was discovered by Jacob Harich, an American immunologist, in 1972. I have never heard of it before either and it was Sandy who told me about it. Results found that there were no major grapefruit seed extract side effects. Your location says you're in Chicago - that covers a lot of territory. A 1999 study tested six products. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) is a citrus fruit. I think you are right to try it out externally because that could be a good test and done safely. We used GSE all the time in the cat water for maintenance and mixed it with tuna juice if they had worms. Here are 10 health benefits of grape seed extract, all based on science. This post was originally published in 2013.

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