Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Of course not. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. How much did the Khoisan population shrink during the Bantu expansion [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. for this article. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. By Ellen Rubin. Bantu Genocide | Alternative History | Fandom The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. Was the Bantu Expansion genocide of the Pygmies, Khoisan, and - reddit [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). Genocide of the Khoisan people (country, life, speak, quality Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. cit. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. I'd imagine it's the same way. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. } The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. That's a bold claim. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. . You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. These are huge areas. The Tutsi's . Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Quick History Lesson: The severity of the Bantu Expansion () - Thread Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Required fields are marked *. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Of course not. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals.

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