Bruno Dey, a teenager at the time in question, was convicted of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder. As a Jewish boy from Germany, the young Goldberg had already been deported to Latvia before being sent to Stutthof for slave labour. She committed suicide in 1967. Your email address will not be published. The evacuation of prisoners from the Stutthof camp system in northern Poland began in January 1945. [2] Pauly was tried by the British for war crimes with thirteen others in the Curio Haus in Hamburg which was located in the British occupied sector of Germany. Selection of monographs in PDF, Memorial to the Victims of the Stutthof Concentration Camp, Monografia KL Stutthof (KL Stutthof monograph), Zbrodnie hitlerowskie w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof: liczba ofiar w wietle rde i bada: prba bilansu, SS Main Economic and Administrative Office, International Youth Meeting Center in Owicim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stutthof_concentration_camp&oldid=1141333869, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles needing additional references from December 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Matzkau in Makowy (now within city limits of Gdask), This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 14:55. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW "Our group was marched out of Stutthof on 26 April. [17][3] Prisoners were also drowned in mud or clubbed to death. The Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court found all of them guilty of the charges. Due to the stark contrast between her physical attractiveness and her barbaric behavior, the prisoners dubbed her the Beautiful Spectre.. [citation needed], Conditions in the camp were extremely harsh;[16] tens of thousands of prisoners succumbed to starvation and disease. The camp staff consisted of SS guards and, after 1943, Ukrainian auxiliaries. The well known Nuremberg Trials were only concerned with concentration camps as evidence for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Third Reich leadership. When the Allies tried the perpetrators of the Holocaust after the end of the war, the public was surprised by the beastly behavior of female guards like Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, who often committed worse acts than their male counterparts. It was in 1943 that Stutthof's population of detainees was dramatically enlarged, from a capacity of 4,000 to 25,000. Some 28,000 of those who died were Jews. In perhaps the last ever Nazi war crimes trial, Irmgard Furchner attended court in Germany for more than a year as prosecutors outlined their case against her. 13 Amazing Photos of the Construction of the Empir. [7], Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on 9 May 1945, rescuing about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide.[7]. Established on September 2, 1939, Stutthof was the first concentration camp outside German borders during World War II. Prosecutors say he was a "cog" in Nazi Germany's "murderous machinery." One survivor, Lila Givner, told her 1978 trial: Kobyla was tall. In mid-1950s, a number of Nazi concentration camp commandants were sentenced to jail for supervising the murder of Jewish prisoners in gas chambers between 19421944, including Otto Knott[pl], Otto Haupt[pl] and Bernard Ldtke[pl]. Among these sites was the Stutthof camp. A former SS guard wept in the dock on the first day of his trial for complicity in mass murder at a Nazi concentration camp during the second world war . Two weeks later, on September 15th 1939 . The following gut-twisting images are among a number to be found here. Manfred Goldberg was 13 when he was sent to Stutthof concentration camp near the coast of the Baltic Sea in August 1943. Loved seeing the nazi scum hanging,i hope they suffered a long agonising death. Sadistic Koch - known as the Witch of Buchenwald - was just one of many women who murdered, maimed and tortured Jewish prisoners in the Holocaust. Eventually, the Stutthof camp system became a vast network of forced-labor camps; 105 Stutthof subcamps were established throughout northern and central German-occupied Poland. [1][2] The actual barracks were built the following year by prisoners. Not all of the Stutthof camp remains and the site is now a memorial. The first contingent of 2,500 Jewish prisoners arrived from Auschwitz in July 1944. The Germans used Stutthof prisoners as forced laborers. The number of inmates increased considerably in 1944, with Jews forming a significant proportion of the newcomers. Naukowiec w III Rzeszy [Professor Rudolf Spanner 1895-1960: A Scientist in the Third Reich], Piotr Semkw", Soap from Human Fat: The Case of Professor Spanner, "The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945", "Zakoczono ledztwo w gonej "sprawie profesora Spannera", "Human Fat Was Used to Produce Soap in Gdansk during the War", "Stutthof (Sztutowo): Full Listing of Camps, Poland", "Holocaust trial: Germany tries former SS guard at Stutthof camp", "Johann Rehbogen: Former SS guard, 94, on trial over deaths at Stutthof concentration camp", "German court stops trial of former death-camp guard", "German court: Trial of Nazi guard unlikely to be restarted", "Former Nazi camp guard to go on trial in Hamburg", "Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders", "96-Year-Old Former Nazi Death Camp Secretary Goes on Trial Over Murders of 11,000 People - October 20, 2021", "German Court to Try 96-Year-Old Over Time at Nazi Concentration Camp", "German Court Convicts 97-Year-Old Ex-Secretary At Nazi Camp - December 20, 2022", "Poland asked to explain naked Nazi gas chamber video", "Outrage Over Naked Game of Tag Played in Nazi Gas Chamber", "Outrage Over Museum's Video-Art Display of a Nude Game of Tag in Gas Chamber", Stutthof National Museum. [2], In 1953 the court in Gdask tried SS-man Bielawa (SS Rottenfhrer Paul Bielawa, a prisoner guard from the 3rd company in Stutthof between 194145)[1] and sentenced him to twelve years. As the wife of Commandant SS Col Karl Koch, Isle Kochs extreme sadism meant she was as feared as any of the Nazi leaders. Do you know this baby? Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born on May 30, 1922, in Hamburg. Get back into the undergrowth you crawled from, Dave. Inside of the barbed wire fences, horror and brutality was administered by the SS guards and workers inside of the camps. (In Czech) In September 1939, the Nazis created the concentration camp of Stutthof (Sztutowo) in a wooded area near the Baltic port of Gdansk. Stutthof was the first camp outside German borders, in operation from 2 September 1939, and the last camp liberated by the Allies on 9 May 1945. In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. [9] The Wuppertal accused denied the allegations and declared that he was not present during the killings, and did not notice anything about it. Apprehended after the war, she was sentenced and publicly hanged in Gdansk. [citation needed], The camp staff consisted of German SS guards and, after 1943, the Ukrainian auxiliaries brought in by SS-Gruppenfhrer Fritz Katzmann, the Higher SS and Police Leader of the area. [1] None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. [7], In 1942 the first German female SS Aufseherinnen guards arrived at Stutthof along with female prisoners. Nicknamed 'Beautiful Spectre', she was infamous for her brutal treatment of the prisoners. Twenty-seven ex-officials and guards were arraigned and judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. [10], Among the notable female guard personnel were: Elisabeth Becker, Erna Beilhardt, Ella Bergmann, Ella Blank, Gerda Bork, Herta Bothe, Erna Boettcher, Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner, Steffi Brillowski, Charlotte Graf, Charlotte Gregor, Charlotte Klein, Gerda Steinhoff, Ewa Paradies, and Jenny-Wanda Barkmann. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born in Hamburg in 1921. The lamp disappeared after the SS leadership found out. Although young, he remembers becoming part of an indispensable group of 300 prisoners who spent a year repairing railway tracks at junctions blown up by Allied forces. The initiative for the foundation of SS companies dealing in building materials from concentration camps originated in 1937 with regional SS officials in Thuringia, especially the state's Interior Minister Hellmuth Gommlich []. The Stutthof concentration camp, like every Nazi concentration camp, was an institution for torturing, humiliating and murdering people, a death machine. In a 2017 book, Holocaust survivor Lina Haag claimed Lichtenberg prisoners were stripped naked and tied to wooden posts, where Maria Mandl would then beat us mercilessly until she could no longer lift her arm., Mandl looked for women who had broken the rules by curling their hair and even one single curl would mean a woman was kicked to the ground and beaten around the head, or she would shave their head and parade them around the camp with a sign around their neck that read: I broke the rules and curled my hair.. [33][34] He was charged as a juvenile, as he was under 21 at the time of the offense. The first trial was held from 25 April to 31 May 1946, against 30 ex-officials and prisoner-guards of the camp. Even before the war began, the German Selbstschutz in Pomerania created lists of people to be arrested,[3] and the Nazi authorities were secretly reviewing suitable places to set up concentration camps in their area. Check out our SECOND CHANNEL TheFortress for a new video EVERY DAY! On one occasion, she selected 1,100 of 1,400 prisoners present to be sent to their deaths. How does climate change affect El Nino and La Nina cycles? The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by barbed-wire fences. National Socialism was RIGHT and we will return and we will remember things like this, so lowlife like you had better beware. Now 97, she has been found guilty of aiding and abetting the murders of more than 10,500 detainees. [3], The camp was established in connection with the ethnic cleansing project that included the liquidation of Polish elites (members of the intelligentsia, religious and political leaders) in the Danzig area and Western Prussia.[1]. But the Buchenwald Memorial Foundation says two credible witnesses, Austrian prisoner Dr. Gustav Wegerer, who ran the infirmary, and Josef Ackermann, a political prisoner and secretary of the camp doctor, confirmed the existence of the lamp. [citation needed] Until 1942, nearly all of the prisoners were Polish. While I was standing, she kicked me in my back, causing me to fall. Another prisoner said Bormann grabbed another female prisoner by the hair, threw her to the ground and ordered dogs to bite her so severely that she was a mass of blood. The woman died at the scene. Frankly, a nice sight. The trial lasted from March 18, 1946 to May 13, 1946. Koryski was taken from Lithuania to Stutthofin 1944, when he was 16 years old. The 93-year-old faces 5,230 counts of accessory to murder. Six Polish prisoners, known as kapos, who oversaw forced labor within the camp. It is estimated that around 65,000 people were murdered during the Holocaust in the Stutthof concentration camp, near the Polish city now called Gdansk. Many drowned along the way. Although Bruno D. is 93, he is being tried in a juvenile court because he was 17 in August 1944 when he started working as a guard at Stutthof, set up by the Nazis in the territory of the former Free City of Danzig, now known as Gdansk and part of modern Poland. The camp is east of modern-day Gdansk and a short walk from the sea. Former Stutthof SS guard Bruno Dey, now 93, is standing trial in Germany, charged as an accessory to the murder of 5,230 Jews from 1944 to 1945. . 1570: Aonio Paleario, Italian religious reformer 1947: Ding Mocun, not as hot a lay in real life. "The main entrance gate of Stutthof became known as the Death Gate because once you entered it was more or less a death sentence," Mr Goldberg remembers. She kicked me so hard that I fell. A much higher total was reported by Colonel Howard A. Buechner, the chief medical officer of the 45th Infantry Division, who was at the camp during and after the liberation. He added that his "work" had involved cleaning the crematorium, which meant loading bones and other burnt remains onto a cart to be thrown into a trench. [2] SS-Rottenfhrer Emil Strehlau was sentenced by the court in Torun (Wloclawek) on April 23, 1948, to death for war crimes. In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp (like Dachau), administered by the German Security Police. About 24,600 were transferred from Stutthof to other locations. Who is Rod Ponton and why has he gone viral? [13] Other sources say that the camp staff shot most remaining inmates in a mass murder. Last modified on Tue 6 Nov 2018 18.34 EST. But the few that took pleasure from the horrors within the walls of the camps proved the female of the species really can be deadlier than the male. (06.11.2018), The man is accused of being complicit in the deaths of 5,230 inmates during a period of almost a year working as a guard at the Stutthof concentration camp. Ten were sentenced to death. It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences. Over 4,000 were sent by small boat to Germany, some to the Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg, and some to camps along the Baltic coast. [41], In 1999, Artur mijewski filmed a group of nude people playing tag in one of the Stutthof gas chambers, sparking outrage.[42][43][44]. They were cut off by advancing Soviet forces. Karl Koch was hanged in 1944, for embezzling millions from wealthy Germans and, in 1950, Ilse was jailed for life in Germany, for war crimes. Many were former waitresses, cooks, and hairdressers who job postings in the newspaper. Austrian Maria Mandl was one of the most notorious SS officers at Auschwitz, where she personally sent over 500,000 female prisoners to the gas chamber. A narcissist who had numerous affairs with SS officers, she was said to have deliberately chosen women she considered more beautiful than her. Over 65,000 prisoners perished, many of who were Polish Intelligentsia, former politicians, and resistance leaders, as well as 28,000 Jews. Stutthof was a concentration camp in an isolated, marshy, and forested region near the village of Stutthof east of Danzig. The area was secluded: to the north was the Bay of Danzig, to the east the Vistula Bay, and to the west the Vistula River. Dave with an atitude like that you should be #12. Not to be confused with, Location of the former Stutthof concentration camp in Poland, The execution of the SS overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp: Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff, and Pauls on 4 July 1946, with priest, Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks, Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators, Resistance, victims, documentation and technical, M. Tomkiewicz, P. Semkw: Profesor Rudolf Maria Spanner naukowiec czy eksperymentator? The former nurse took a four-week training course and was sent as an overseer to the Stutthof camp near Danzig.. [14], Stutthof's registered inmates included citizens of 28 countries, and besides Jews and Poles Germans, Czechs, Dutch, Belgians, French, Norwegians, Finns, Danes, Lithuanians, Latvians, Belarusians, Russians, Croats and others. Barkmann was sentenced to hang, along with ten other defendants. Mobile gas wagons were also used to complement the maximum capacity of the gas chamber (150 people per execution) when needed. At the subsequent trial, liberated prisoners said Grese - dubbed the Beautiful Beast - tortured prisoners both physically and emotionally and enjoyed shooting prisoners in cold blood. Women were needed, especially to oversee womens camps like at Ravensbruck. A 99-year-old who was being investigated on suspicion of complicity in murder as a former Nazi camp guard has died, ending the case against him, German prosecutors said Tuesday. It is totally illegal, hanging has to be done in a certain way and this was certainly not. As the Nazis consolidated their power in the 1930s, many younger people like Barkmann became enthralled by the Fuhrer and joined the Hitler Youth and other equivalents. [12] On February 25, 2019, it was announced that the trial is unlikely to be restarted due to the poor health conditions of the defendant. Countless prisoners who were left too weak to work were simply murdered. Speaking through an interpreter, Koryski said he had seen SS guards put on sadistic "shows" to torture prisoners, includingoneinstance in which a son was forced to beat his father to death in front of other inmates. All were found guilty and eleven were sentenced to death, including the Commandant Johann Pauls. The perpetrators used these locations for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people deemed to be "enemies of the state," and mass murder. [11], Several Norwegian Waffen SS volunteers worked as guards or as instructors for prisoners from Nordic countries, according to senior researcher at the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities, Terje Emberland. Read about our approach to external linking. Ilse also had a deadly fascination for tattoos and, at a later trial for war crimes, witnesses said she selected men with the best body art for slaughter - turning their skin into lampshades and book covers. Of the 55,000 guards who worked in the Third Reichs concentration camps, 3,700 were women, many of who were volunteers. Many prisoners died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944. It was also the final camp liberated by the Allies in May 1945. How healthy are India's 1.4 billion people? In 1944 she became a guard at the Stutthof Concentration camp. SS-Sturmbannfhrer Max Pauly was put on trial by a British military court in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg. Read more:Poland moves to make it illegal to say 'Polish death camps'. All those who worked in it were. [17] Many died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944; those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. Koch told the court the shades were goatskin, and prosecutors at the trial found there was no evidence to prove they were human flesh. The death sentences were carried out on July 4, 1946 at the Biskupia Grka in Gdask, by short-drop hanging.[3]. The 99-year-old was under investigation over suspected complicity in the murders that took place at the Ravensbrck Nazi concentration camp, where tens of thousands of women were killed. "I was first in Stutthof in August '43 for close to a month and then two other [camps] before I returned at the end of 1944 for a second time," he told the BBC. It was not until 2017 that he returned to Stutthof as part of a visit by the Prince and Princess of Wales and discovered to his surprise that the camp's gas chambers were still intact. In total, of the approximately 2,000 SS men and women who ran the entire camp complex, 72 SS officers and six female overseers were brought to justice. Nevertheless, Pauly was executed in 1946. Arraigned 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. It was approximately 36 km east of the city of Gdansk, where the Visla river flows into the Baltic Sea. [7], On 5 May 1945, a barge full of starving prisoners was towed into harbour at Klintholm Havn in Denmark where 351 of the 370 on board were saved. A total of 295 women guards worked as staff in the Stutthof complex of camps. Headsman, you ought to investigate this nutter above who is issuing death threats on your site. In total, 23,566 Jews (including 21,817 women) were transferred to Stutthof from Auschwitz, and 25,053 (including 16,123 women) from camps in the Baltic states. She also beat her on the face and head with her fists, and when the woman fell to the ground she trampled on her. It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "Kommandantur" for the SS guards, totaling 120,000 square metres (1,300,000sqft). Gassing with Zyklon B gas began in June 1944. A report by the Seventh Army, written by Lieutenant Colonel Walter J. Fellenz, mentions a total of 17 guards killed. Situated near Sztutowo, a small town about. The Stutthof concentration camp was the first to be established by the Nazi regime outside Germany's borders, and one of the last to be liberated. Execution of Stutthof concentration camp overseers at Biskupia Grka. Berlin CNN A former secretary from the Stutthof Nazi concentration camp has been charged with complicity in the murders of 10,000 people, German prosecutors said Friday, in what is a rare. Support the channel by subscribing, liking, and sharing. The commandant of the Stutthof and Neuengamme concentration camps SS-Sturmbannfhrer Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany at about the same time. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The remainder were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof subcamps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine gunned. [2], During the first trial held at Gdask from April 25, 1946, to May 31, 1946, the joint Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court tried and convicted of crimes against humanity a group of thirteen ex-officials and overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp in Sztutowo and its Bromberg-Ost subcamp for women located in the city of Bydgoszcz. Again, hundreds of prisoners were forced into the sea and shot. [7][18], There was a controversy regarding whether corpses from Stutthof were used in the production of soap made from human corpses at the lab of Professor Rudolf Spanner. per group (up to 3) Private Shore Excursion: Tour of Gdansk and visit Stutthof Concentration Camp. At Auschwitz she would pick kids as pets, with one survivor recalling how she dressed one in fine clothing, parading it around like a puppet - only to send the child to the gas chamber when she got bored. A crematorium and gas chamber[9] were added in 1943, just in time to start mass executions when Stutthof was included in the "Final Solution" in June 1944. In 1949, SS-Hauptsturmfhrer Hans Jacobi, the commandant of Stutthof subcamps forming Baukommando Weichsel or OT Thorn (Organisation Todt Thorn) for women digging anti-tank ditches,[6] was tried before the criminal court in Toru and sentenced to three years in prison. In total, as many as 110,000 people were deported to the camp in the course of its existence. You excuses for human beings are no better than you accuse the National Socialists of being. The major subcamps were in Toru (Thorn) and in Elblg (Elbing). She died in 2000. Required fields are marked *. Bothe was sentenced to 10 years in prison for war crimes. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In July, Bruno Dey, a 93-year-old former SS guard at Stutthof was convicted of aiding in the murder of 5,230 people, most of them Jews. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. Initially, in Auschwitz, the camp numbers were sewn on the clothes; with the increased death rate, it became difficult to identify corpses, since clothes were removed from corpses.Therefore, the medical personnel started to write the numbers . More than 85,000 victims died in the camp out of as many as 110,000 inmates deported there. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born in Hamburg in 1921. It was turned into a concentration camp by its second commandant, SS-Hauptsturmfhrer Josef Kramer, and was used to house those prisoners who had become too weak to work as forced labour in German factories. HAMBURG, Germany A German court on Thursday found a former Nazi SS camp guard guilty of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder and one case of accessory to attempted murder equal to the number. Former Stutthof prisoners volunteered to serve as executioners for the public hanging on July 4, 1946. (17.10.2019). The people who did this and all adults who watched it (I notice there are even very young children watching, says a lot about the sort of people perpetrating these disgusting CRIMES) should be tried and punished. The selection process for these guards was lax. The Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II. On this date in 1946, officials of Soviet-occupied Poland publicly hanged eleven convicted war criminals of the Stutthof concentration camp. Several thousand prisoners were directed towards the nearby Baltic coast and hundreds were forced into the sea and shot. She earned a horrific legacy and nickname despite only working for a year. [37] On 23 July 2020, he was given a two-year suspended sentence by the court in Hamburg. Nazi concentration camp in present-day Sztutowo, Poland, "Stutthof" redirects here. . ", How nine women escaped from a Nazi death march, Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. Found guilty by a British Military Tribunal, she was sentenced to death and hanged on December 13 1945, aged 52. [13], In October 2019, Bruno Dey from Hamburg was accused of contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. One witness said: I was working in the kitchen at Birkenau (Auschwitz) when I saw a woman, whose daughter was in an adjoining camp, go to the dividing wire in order to speak to her daughter. [1] 4,000 prisoners, including Jewish women and children, were killed in a gas chamber before the evacuation of the camp. Ackermann, who delivered the lamp, said that its base was made from a human foot and shinbone and the shade had tattoos and even nipples. (08.08.2019), One of the last trials against an ex-concentration camp guard began Thursday in Hamburg. Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on May 9, 1945, and liberated about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide during the final evacuation of the camp. The first prisoners arrived in the camp on September 2nd. Set up immediately upon Germany's September 1, 1939 invasion of Poland and not liberated until after official German capitulation in 1945, Stutthoff handled over 100,000 prisoners during its long service. "Worst of all were the whips.". GitHub export from English Wikipedia. . As I was lying on the ground she kept kicking. If I ever meet up with you I WILL kill you. TheUntoldPast has the right to delete any comment with this content inside it and also ban the user from the channel. She called. The 99-year-old, who has not been identified, is thought to have worked as a guard at the Ravensbrck concentration camp between 1943 and 1945, authorities said. The Stutthof concentration camp in Poland. The former secretary, who lives in a care home and is unnamed, had worked at the Stutthof camp near Danzig, in Nazi-occupied Poland. [10], In November 2018, Johann Rehbogen from Borken was tried in court for serving at Stutthof camp from June 1942 to September 1944. The next three trials took place at the same court in October 831, 1947, November 510, and in November 1929 of that year. This days condemned camp commandant Johann Pauls, five male kapos, and five female guards were the product of the first of four Stutthof trials held in 1946-1947. Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp[6] under the Danzig police chief, before its subsequent massive expansion. German Earth and Stone Works (DEST) was an SS-owned company founded on 29 April 1938 for the exploitation of prisoner labor in the concentration camps for the . It has been estimated that over 25,000 prisoners, one in two, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps.

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