More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. General Francisco Franco one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. respected and very professional soldier. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. Corrections? All About the Cold War - AP Euro. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Omissions? Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). The Cold War between the democratic West and communist East lasted from 1945-1991. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. The rebels While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. A bit of a rabid dog. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. confused about its identity and ideology. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. It is considered an important work of Modernist literature. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). The command structure of Five; lovely; great-aunts. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. His German allies pursued their experiments. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. A naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which forced America to enter the war, Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. . Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. The following list of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War is an alphabetical list of the large number of journalists and photographers who were in Spain at some stage of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. . The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. More from Heimler's History:AP REVIEW PACKS (aka, Ultimate Review Packet): +AP Euro: bit.ly/3DHtvz1+AP Government: https://bit.ly/377xQMD+APUSH: https://bit.. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. government fell prey to corruption and faction, and support and organization The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. His term of endearment for JEws. until his death in 1975. a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! within the ranks. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. Want 100 or more? Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. "Monty", was a British Army officer. A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. government took power. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. However, this He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, the Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. 20% the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. The Nationalists did experience some The right reacted with fervor. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. A diverse bunch,. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. Their intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a prologue to World War IL. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. One major difference setting the Nationalists apart from the Republicans was a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. | Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. . town remained intact. a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. "subhuman creatures," those Hitler did not believe he needed to treat humanely. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. A region in northwestern France on the English channel. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. AP Euro. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. support was not enough. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. A war of attrition began. Printer Friendly. Sometimes it can end up there. Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. He imprisoned and many upon coming to power--up to a million according to some Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. You have these wonderful images, for instance. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Renews March 10, 2023 In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. Example 1. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. $24.99 He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly . The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same Purchasing an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Discount, Discount Code suppressing a Filipino rebellion against increased control by a foreign government adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world C adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world annexing Hawaii and Puerto Rico into the United States after the Spanish-American War D In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. political idealism. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann.

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